Modern fencing systems are used in various spheres – from private properties to industrial and strategic facilities – and fulfill the functions of protection, delimitation of territories and security. The effectiveness of fences directly depends on the technologies, materials and design solutions used, which, in turn, are closely related to physical phenomena: mechanical loads resistance to wind and seismic effects, corrosion resistance, thermal expansion, acoustic and electrical properties. And is caused by the need for an integrated approach to the design and modernization of building envelopes taking into account these physical factors, which allows to increase the durability, safety and economic efficiency of such systems.

The purpose of this article is to study modern technologies and peculiarities of fencing at strategically important facilities, standards to which they should comply, as well as to consider approaches to the design and technology of fencing production, taking into account climatic and geodetic peculiarities, at important government facilities.

1.General Requirements for Fencing at Facilities of State Importance

Fencing at facilities of state importance must meet a number of important requirements, such as:

Physical strength 

•resistance to mechanical damage, ability to apprehend an intruder;

Ability to integrate with electronic security systems

•video surveillance, technical means of protection;

Compliance with GOST and SniP

•in the Republic of Kazakhstan the construction of fences is regulated by a number of normative documents;

Resistance to climatic influences

•resistance to corrosion, temperature differences, moisture.

2.Selection of materials and their processing

•Galvanized steel - zinc coating protects against corrosion; 

•Aluminum and its alloys - lightweight and rust resistant; 

•Stainless steel - high strength and resistant to corrosive environments;

•Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a synthetic thermoplastic polymer derived from vinyl chloride monomer (CH2=CHCl). PVC is widely used in construction, medicine, pipes, window profiles, packaging materials, etc;

•Reinforced plastic panels; 

•Glass fiber composites.

2.1. Additional protection measures

• Hot-dip galvanizing;

• Polymer powder coating;

• Passivation and anti-corrosion primers.

3. Installation and operation in different climatic zones

Northern regions

•Use of frost-resistant materials (stainless steel, reinforced composites);

•Protection of cable systems against freezing. Organizational and technical measures: Regular inspections, prevention of icing, quick reaction to emergency situations. Backup power supply routes in case of damage.

Seashore

Why Important: The seashore is a very corrosive environment due to high humidity, salt and wind. Salt increases corrosion of metals, which quickly destroys structures.

•Increased corrosion resistance (double coating);

•Use of aluminum or plastic structures. 

Wind loads 

Example in Jetigarh, weak and loose soils such as dusty, loamy and sandy soils with low bearing capacity are predominant. Loose sands with low density are also common, which reduces the stability of building structures, especially those such as fence posts.

Due to such peculiarities of the soil it is necessary to take into account:

•The greater depth of the pillars to ensure the stability of the structure and its further operation;

•Possibility to reinforce the foundation with concrete foundations or piles;

•Increased wind load, as weak soil is obviously worse against the lateral effects of wind.

As a result, careful geotechnical analysis is important in the design of fences and the correct choice of fence anchoring method to avoid its destruction by wind.

4. Manufacturing technology

Material preparation

•Preliminary cleaning of metals (sandblasting);

•Application of anti-corrosion compounds (zinc primer);

•Powder coating in a thermal chamber at 180-200°C.

Assembly

•Assembly is carried out in the factory; 

•Bolted and welded connections are used;

•Quality control according to GOST and TU.

5. Integration with security systems

Climate resistance is also necessary for electronic components:

•The use of technical security equipment;

•Laying cables in protective pipes;

•Installation of CCTV cameras.

6. Structural features of fences

6.1. Foundation

Preparatory stage:

1. Analysis of the site and climatic conditions:

• Geodetic survey;

• Geological survey of the soil (determination of frost depth, bearing capacity);

• Consideration of local regulations on wind and snow load.

2. Design:

•Development of the fence design taking into account the requirements of safety, strength and durability;

•Determination of the type of fencing: metal, concrete, combined;

•Selection of materials with anti-corrosion and frost protection;

•Calculation of foundation depth (below the frost depth, usually 1.5-2.5 m in 

northern regions).

3. Preparation of documentation and approvals:

•Obtaining permits;

•Coordination with security authorities, engineering services, etc.

Earthwork and foundation works:

4. Marking of the territory:

•Installation of milestones and stringing of cords along the perimeter of the future fence;

•Determining the points of installation of supports (with a spacing of 2.5-3 m or according to the project).

5. Excavation and base preparation:

•Drilling or digging pits/trenches for posts;

•Arrangement of sand and gravel cushion (10-30 cm), compaction factor should be 0.95-0.98.

6. Foundation installation:

•Pile, strip or cup foundation depending on the type of fence;

•Installation of anchor elements or embedded parts for fastening the posts.

7. Reinforcing and concreting:

•Installation of reinforcement framework;

•Pouring concrete with anti-freeze additives (at sub-zero temperatures);

•Covering and curing of concrete (7-28 days, depending on conditions).

Installation of the fence:

8. Installation of support posts:

•Metal or reinforced concrete posts are mounted strictly vertically;

•Fasten to the foundation with anchor bolts or by welding.

9. Installation of span elements:

•Installation of mesh sections, metal panels or reinforced concrete slabs;

•Welding/screwing the sections to the supports;

•Checking for strength and stability.

10. Installation of additional elements:

•Tensioning of barbed wire, Bruno spiral (if necessary);

•Installation of floodlights, surveillance cameras, security sensors, etc.

Finishing and protection works:

11. anticorrosion treatment:

•Painting, powder coating or electroplating;

•Use of compounds with frost-resistant properties.

12. Foundation waterproofing (as required):

•Spray or roll-on waterproofing to protect against ground water.
 13. Backfilling:

•Backfilling of pits/trenches with layer-by-layer tamping.

Acceptance and operation

14. Testing of the structure:

•Verification of verticality, stability, compliance with the project;

•Mechanical strength tests (according to GOST and SNiP norms).
 

6.2 Sections and supports

•Supports are made of thick-walled pipe with anti-corrosion coating;

• Sections are mounted on galvanized brackets to withstand the load of ice and snow;

• Stainless steel brackets;

•Aluminum brackets with polymer coating.

6.3. Canopies, water drains, drainage holes and drainage gravel pad 

These are important structural elements that ensure the durability and reliable operation of fences.

•Canopies are installed on top elements (e.g. poles and walls) to protect against precipitation. They prevent direct penetration of moisture and snow, reducing the risk of corrosion, cracking and destruction of materials;

•Downspouts direct water runoff away from the structure, preventing moisture from accumulating at the base of the fence, which is especially important in applications with frequent precipitation;

•Drainage holes remove moisture that penetrates hollow elements (such as metal or concrete posts), reducing the likelihood of water accumulation, freezing and structural failure;

•A gravel drainage pad placed at the base of the fence or along the foundation improves the drainage of groundwater and rainwater. It prevents the foundation from erosion and contributes to the stability of the structure. The integrated use of these elements minimizes the negative impact of moisture, snow and seasonal climatic changes, significantly extending the service life of the fence and reducing maintenance and repair costs.

7. Fence Design Technology

The creation of fences begins with the design stage, this stage is the mostresponsible, and in the final decisions are involved in the management of the Criminal Enforcement Institution, together with the headquarters of the regiment (brigade), which includes:

Hazard analysis

•determination of the level of potential hazard;

Selection of fence type

•based on risk, budget, topography;

Design development taking into account governing documents;

Integration with security systems;

Planning for maintenance and upgrades.

8. Operating features

•After installation, it is important to ensure regular maintenance:

Inspecting for damage;

Checking the reliability of the fasteners;

Testing of security equipment;

Seasonal painting or anti-corrosion treatment. Fencing of objects of state importance - the most important element of the complex security system is the engineering protection of the perimeter, namely, the creation of reliable and stable fences. it is not like many people think a fence and everything, but a high-tech design that takes into account many factors, including climatic features of the region. The technology of manufacturing such fences requires the use of modern materials, protection methods and engineering solutions. Only compliance with all stages - from design to installation - guarantees reliability and durability of the security system.